Towards a formalization of a two traders market with information exchange

This paper shows that Hamiltonians and operators can also be put to good use even in contexts which are not purely physics based. Consider the world of finance. The work presented here {models a two traders system with information exchange with the help of four fundamental operators: cash and share operators; a portfolio operator and an operator reflecting the loss of information. An information Hamiltonian is considered and an additional Hamiltonian is presented which reflects the dynamics of selling/buying shares between traders. An important result of the paper is that when the information Hamiltonian is zero, portfolio operators commute with the Hamiltonian and this suggests that the dynamics are really due to the information. Under the assumption that the interaction and information terms in the Hamiltonian have similar strength, a perturbation scheme is considered on the interaction parameter. Contrary to intuition, the paper shows that up to a second order in the interaction parameter, a key factor in the computation of the portfolios of traders will be the initial values of the loss of information (rather than the initial conditions on the cash and shares). Finally, the paper shows that a natural outcome from the inequality of the variation of the portfolio of trader one versus the variation of the portfolio of trader two, begs for the introduction of `good' and `bad' information. It is shown that `good' information is related to the reservoirs (where an infinite set of bosonic operators are used) which model rumors/news and external facts, whilst `bad' information is associated with a set of two modes bosonic operators.Comment: In press in Physica Script

The role of information in a two-traders market

In a very simple stock market, made by only two \emph{initially equivalent} traders, we discuss how the information can affect the performance of the traders. More in detail, we first consider how the portfolios of the traders evolve in time when the market is \emph{closed}. After that, we discuss two models in which an interaction with the outer world is allowed. We show that, in this case, the two traders behave differently, depending on \textbf{i)} the amount of information which they receive from outside; and \textbf{ii)}the quality of this information.Comment: in press in Physica

Performances of peace: Utrecht 1713

The Peace of Utrecht (1713), which brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession, was a milestone in global history. Performances of Peace aims to rethink the significance of the Peace of Utrecht by exploring the nexus between culture and politics. For too long, cultural and political historians have studied early modern international relations in isolation. By studying the political as well as the cultural aspects of this peace (and its concomitant paradoxes) from a broader perspective, this volume aims to shed new light on the relation between diplomacy and performative culture in the public spher

A study of the Present State of Oyster Statistics in Chesapeake Bay and Suggested Remedial Measure

Accurate, detailed and timely information on oyster landings are essential to the efficient management of the oyster resources of Chesapeake Bay. Basic types of i_nformation needed are volumes of oysters harvested on: a) designated public beds; b) unassigned bottoms; and c) leased areas. These data need to be as site specific as possible and include the type of harvest gear. Moreover, it is essential to know the portion of harvest which results from state repletion activities (planted shells or seed) and that part originating from natural production. Price, method of harvest, the buyers and sellers identifi_cation, and other similar data are also needed. However, there are today several major problems in the collections of accurate oyster statistics in the Chesapeake Bay region. Accurate oyster statistics are not being collected. Part of the reason for this is that the data base is oriented toward tax collection rather than the collection of biological statistics about the oyster population.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsbooks/1150/thumbnail.jp

Final report on effects of low oxygen tensions and high levels of hydrogen sulfide on benthic marine animals

This study investigated effects of low levels of dissolved oxygen (D .O.) and low levels of D.O. in combination with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the larvae and adults of oysters Crassostra virginica and on adults of hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria. The purpose of this study was to investigate how low D.O. and low D. O. plus H2S, which might be associated with discharges from sewerage treatment plants, could adversely influence populations of molluscs

Beyond the quantum formalism: consequences of a neural-oscillator model to quantum cognition

In this paper we present a neural oscillator model of stimulus response theory that exhibits quantum-like behavior. We then show that without adding any additional assumptions, a quantum model constructed to fit observable pairwise correlations has no predictive power over the unknown triple moment, obtainable through the activation of multiple oscillators. We compare this with the results obtained in de Barros (2013), where a criteria of rationality gives optimal ranges for the triple moment.Comment: 4 pages; to appear in the Advances in Cognitive Neurodynamics, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Neurodynamics - 201

InP shallow-homojunction solar cells

Indium phosphide solar cells with very thin n-type emitters have been made by both ion implantation and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Air mass zero efficiencies as high as 18.8 percent (NASA measurement) have been achieved. Although calculations show that, as is the case with GaAs, a heterostructure is expected to be required for the highest efficiencies attainable, the material properties of InP give the shallow-homojunction structure a greater potential than in the case of GaAs. The best cells, which were those made by ion implantation, show open-circuit voltage (V sub oc) of 873 mV, short-circuit current of 357 A/sq m (35.7 mA/sq cm), and fill factor of 0.829. Improvements are anticipated in all three of these parameters. Internal quantum efficiency peaks at over 90 percent in the red end of the spectrum, but drops to 54 percent in the blue end. Other cells have achieved 74 percent in the blue end. Detailed modeling of the data indicates that a high front surface recombination velocity is responsible for the low blue response, that the carrier lifetime is high enough to allow good carrier collection from both the base and the emitter, and that the voltage is base-limited

Influence of Anticipation on Movement Patterns in Subjects with ACL Deficiency Classified as Noncopers

Study Design: Two-factor, mixed experimental design. Objectives: To compare movement patterns of subjects who are anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient and classified as noncopers to controls during early stance of anticipated and unanticipated straight and cutting tasks. Background: Altered neuromuscular control of subjects that are ACL deficient and noncoper theoretically influences movement patterns during unanticipated tasks. Methods and Measures: The study included 16 subjects who are ACL deficient, classified as noncopers, and 20 healthy controls. Data were collected using an Optotrak Motion Analysis System and force plate integrated with Motion Monitor Software to generate knee joint angles, moments, and power. Each testing session included anticipated tasks, straight walking task (ST), and 45° side-step cutting tasks (SSC), followed by a set of unexpected straight walking (STU) and unexpected sidestep cutting (SSCU) tasks in a random order. For all tasks speed was maintained at 2 m/s. Peak knee angle, moment, and power variables during early stance were compared using 2- way mixed-effects ANOVA models. Results: For both the straight and sidestep tasks, the noncoper group did not show a dependence on whether the task was anticipated or unanticipated (group-by-condition interaction) for the knee angle (straight, P = .067; side-step cutting, P = .103), moment (straight, P = .079; side-step cutting, P = .996), and powers (straight, P = .181; side-step cutting, P = .183) during the loading response phase. However, during both straight and side-step cutting tasks, the subjects in the noncoper group used significantly lower knee flexion angles (straight, P = .002; side-step cutting, P = .019), knee moments (straight, P = .005; sidestep cutting, P,.001), and knee powers (straight, P = .013; side-step cutting, P,.001). Conclusions: This study suggests subjects that are ACL deficient and classified as noncopers use a common abnormal movement pattern of lower knee extensor loading even during unanticipated tasks

Knee and Hip Angle and Moment Adaptations During Cutting Tasks in Subjects With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency Classified as Noncopers

Study Design: Two-factor mixed-design study, with factors including group (control and noncoper) and task (sidestep, crossover, and straight). Objectives: To compare the knee and hip joint angles and moments of control subjects and subjects with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knee classified as noncopers, during a sidestep, crossover, and straight-ahead task. Background: Subjects with ACL deficiency primarily note difficulty with cutting tasks as opposed to straight-ahead tasks. Yet, previous studies have primarily focused on straight-ahead tasks. Methods and Measures: Fifteen subjects with ACL deficiency classified as noncopers, based on the number of giving-way episodes (1) and global question of knee function (60%), were included in this study. These subjects (10 male, 5 female; age range, 18-47 years). Position data collected at 60 Hz were combined with anthropometric and ground reaction force data collected at 420 Hz to estimate 3- dimensional knee and hip joint angles and moments. All subjects performed 3 tasks including a step and 45 degree sidestep cut, step and 45 degree crossover cut, and step and proceed straight. Two-way mixed model ANOVAs were used to compare peak angle and moment variables between 10% and 30% stance. Results: The ACL-deficient noncoper group had 1.8 degree to 5.7 degree less knee flexion angle compared to the control group across tasks (P.043). The ACL-deficient noncoper group used 22% to 27% lower knee extensor moment during weight acceptance compared to the control group (P.001). The sagittal plane hip extensor moments were 34% to 39% highter in the ACL-deficient noncoper group compared to the control group (P.025). Hip frontal (P.037) and transverse plane (P.04) moments also distinguished the ACL-deficient noncoper from the control group. Conclusions: This study suggests that individuals who do not cope well after ACL injury rely on a hip control strategy during cutting tasks

Comparison of Frontal Plane Trunk Kinematics and Hip and Knee Moments during Anticipated and Unanticipated Walking and Side Step Cutting Tasks

Background: Frontal plane trunk and lower extremity adjustments during unanticipated tasks are hypothesized to influence hip and knee neuromuscular control, and therefore, contribute to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The aims of this study were to examine frontal plane trunk/hip kinematics and hip and knee moments (measures of neuromuscular control) during unanticipated straight and side step cut tasks. Methods: Kinematic and kinetic variables were collected while subjects performed two anticipated tasks, including walking straight (ST) and side step cutting (SS), and two unanticipated tasks (STU and SSU). Foot placement, thorax–pelvis–hip kinematic variables and hip and knee moments were calculated over the first 30% of stance. Findings: Hip abduction angles and knee moments were significantly affected by task and anticipation. Hip abduction angles decreased, by 4.0–7.68, when comparing the SSU task to the ST, STU and SS tasks. The hip abduction angles were associated with foot placement and lateral trunk orientation. Interpretation: Hip abduction angles and foot placement, not lateral trunk flexion influence trunk orientation. Anticipation influences hip and knee neuromuscular control and therefore may guide the development of ACL prevention strategies